{"id":5852,"date":"2022-09-26T21:14:36","date_gmt":"2022-09-26T21:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/?p=5852"},"modified":"2022-09-30T18:31:33","modified_gmt":"2022-09-30T18:31:33","slug":"the-churchs-faithful-responses-to-conspiracy-theories-the-modern-gnosticism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/the-churchs-faithful-responses-to-conspiracy-theories-the-modern-gnosticism\/","title":{"rendered":"The Church\u2019s Faithful Responses to Conspiracy Theories &#8211; The Modern Gnosticism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[1] Over 20 years ago I worked on Capitol Hill for a Member of Congress.\u00a0 We would receive letters, phone calls, and emails about an assortment of issues.\u00a0 And we were required to send a response to every correspondence we received.\u00a0 Most of the time, those responses contained information or a constituent\u2019s opinions about up-coming legislation.<\/p>\n<p>[2] But there were other letters that gave us pause.\u00a0 These were the ones that we read and said \u201cWhat in the world?\u00a0 I haven\u2019t heard that one before.\u201d\u00a0 To this day, there are two favorite letters that I remember well.\u00a0 The first one was from someone who was concerned about the Russian troops who were apparently training in the Allegheny mountains.\u00a0 The second letter came from a constituent who was concerned about the forcefield that protects the nation; they worried it was turned off at night in order to save energy.\u00a0 This person was arguing that the nation was left defenseless from attack and that we should keep the forcefield on throughout the night in spite of the cost. Both of these letter contained false premises. \u00a0Where these ideas even came from, I\u2019ll never know.\u00a0 But these people firmly believed what they wrote was pertinent \u2013 there was no shred of doubt in their mind evidenced by the numerous pages they sent. They had special information that they were sharing in order to protect the country from an enemy \u2013 or so they thought.<\/p>\n<p>[3] But these people were sharing conspiracy theories.<\/p>\n<p>[4] Christianity.com posted an article in August 2020 on conspiracy theories.\u00a0 According to the poll, 61% of Americans believe some variation about the assassination of former president JFK other than the official story. And this is decades after the event.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[5] The poll also showed that five years after the 9\/11 attacks, one in three Americans believed that the US was either responsible for the attacks or had foreknowledge of them and did nothing.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[6] Goodfaithmedia.org posted an article in February 2021 that sited a report that claimed that 49% of Protestant pastors agreed with the statement, \u201cI frequently hear members of my congregation repeating conspiracy theories they have heard about why something is happening in our country.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[7] Conspiracy theories are a major problem in the US and always have been.\u00a0 They are as American as apple pie, present ever since Europeans landed here.\u00a0 I highly recommend the book, <em>The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory<\/em> by Jesse Walker.\u00a0 Walker traces the history of conspiracy theories throughout America\u2019s past \u2013 even to a time in history before we were a country.\u00a0 The very first conspiracies that were embraced here concerned Indigenous tribes and their supposed secret plans to kill colonizers.\u00a0 Walker claims early, \u201cIn America, it is always a paranoid time.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Walker fills 338 pages with story after story of conspiracy theories that have held the attention of various groups in this country, and from time to time, large swaths of the population.<\/p>\n<p>[8] Walker states,<\/p>\n<p>\u201cPundits tend to write off political paranoia as a feature of the fringe, a disorder that occasionally flares up until the sober center can put out the flames.\u00a0 They\u2019re wrong.\u00a0 The fear of conspiracies has been a potent force across the political spectrum, from the colonial era to the present, in the establishment as well as at the extremes.\u00a0 Conspiracy theories played major roles in conflicts from the Indian wars of the seventeenth century to the labor battles of the Gilded Age, from the Civil War to the Cold War, from the American Revolution to the War on Terror.\u00a0 They have flourished not just in times of great division but in eras of relative comity.\u00a0 They have been popular not just with dissenters and nonconformists but with individuals and institutions at the center of power.\u00a0 They are not simply a colorful historical byway.\u00a0 They are at the country\u2019s core.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[9] Walker insists that conspiracy theories at their core \u201csay something true about the anxieties and experiences of the people who believe them and repeat [them], even if [the conspiracies] say nothing true about the objects of the theory itself.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[10] In this sense, conspiracy theories hold much in common with both cults and Gnosticism.<\/p>\n<p>[11] In her book <em>Cultish: The Language of Fanaticism<\/em>, Amanda Montell says of cultish language,<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCultish language works to do three things: First, it makes people feel special and understood\u2026this is called conversion\u2026Then, a different set of language tactics get people to feel dependent on the leader, such that life outside the group doesn\u2019t feel possible anymore\u2026it\u2019s called conditioning\u2026And last, language convinces people to act in ways that are completely in conflict with their formal reality, ethics, and sense of self\u2026this is called coercion.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[12[ Montell explores a whole range of cults from the extreme of religious death cults to more benign versions, hence the term \u201ccultish.\u201d For example workout studios and health clubs might have a cult-like following of people dedicated to working out in community.\u00a0 She explains that many of the health clubs offer \u201cpersonal transformation, belonging, and answers to big life questions like: Who am I in this increasingly isolated world?\u00a0 How do I connect with people around me?\u00a0 How do I find my most authentic self and take the steps to become that person?\u00a0 In so many pockets of American culture, folks turn to workout studios for these answers.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[13] Whether we are talking about conspiracy theories, cults in the common sense of the word, or things that are \u201ccultish\u201d like workout studios, we are speaking of something similar to what Gnosticism has been offering for centuries \u2013 special knowledge for special people.<\/p>\n<p>[14] World History Encyclopedia defines Gnosticism as \u201c\u2026the belief that human beings contain a piece of God (the highest good or a divine spark) within themselves, which has fallen from the immaterial world into the bodies of humans. All physical matter is subject to decay, rotting, and\u00a0death. Those bodies and the material world, created by an inferior being, are therefore evil. Trapped in the material world, but ignorant of its status, the pieces of God require knowledge (<em>gnosis<\/em>) to inform them of their true status. That knowledge must come from outside the material world, and the agent who brings it is the savior or redeemer.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[15] Gnosticism is a heresy that dates, as such, back to the 2<sup>nd<\/sup> century.\u00a0 In sum, early Gnostics believe that they held special secret knowledge that would bring them to salvation.\u00a0 Modern conspiracies and cults are no different. \u00a0If you listen to people who follow conspiracies, they talk about hidden characters giving special knowledge to the true believers of the conspiracy.\u00a0 QAnon has done this from the beginning.\u00a0 Q is a hidden figure who drops hints and pieces of special information that only true believers can figure out.<\/p>\n<p>[16] Conspiracies offer answers.\u00a0 They offer concreteness.\u00a0 They offer certain knowledge about who and what is right and good and who and what aren\u2019t just wrong, but evil.\u00a0 Considering how much uncertainty there is the world, this aspect makes conspiracies very appealing.\u00a0 What they are really offering is a sense of control in the midst of chaos, a sense of knowing in a world that followers encounter as confusing. \u00a0\u00a0Human beings have a desire and to some degree a need for order, a sense of control, and knowing.\u00a0 Conspiracies, and Gnosticism especially, recognize this human need and fill this very human desire.<\/p>\n<p>[17] Bill James is considered by many to be the father of advanced statistical analysis in baseball.\u00a0 Many of the statistics and strategies that he developed in the 70\u2019s and 80\u2019s were not embraced by teams until 20 and 30 years later.\u00a0 He explains why. \u201cPeople horribly overestimate the extent to which they understand the world.\u00a0 The world is billions of times more complicated than any of us understand, and because we are desperate to understand the world, we buy into explanations that give us the illusion of understanding.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> I think his explanation offers insight for understanding conspiracy theories:<\/p>\n<p>[18] The world is very complicated. Conspiracy theories simplify the world into dualistic, simplistic thinking and values of right and wrong.\u00a0 There are no gray areas or uncertainties with conspiracies.\u00a0 No unknowns.\u00a0 No complexities or perplexities.\u00a0 There is no need for questions either.\u00a0 The conspiracy knows \u2013 it offers a special knowledge to its adherents from a divine-like source who is seemingly all knowing.\u00a0 Simply follow this path, and you will be blessed.\u00a0 You\u2019ll be special and have special understanding that non-believers won\u2019t be able to comprehend or follow.\u00a0 The conspiracy defines what truth is in order to give its adherents a sense of control over their world and their lives. \u00a0It offers its own language and makes one an insider \u2013 giving people something to belong to, or put another way, a sense of community. \u00a0In this sense, conspiracies act like cults, Gnostic cults.<\/p>\n<p>[19] According to Walker in \u201cThe United States of Paranoia,\u201d there are five primal myths at the core of all conspiracies which \u00a0see the world through the lens of who the true believers are, who the non-believers are (and hence those out to get the true believers), and who offers salvation to the true believers. To really understand conspiracies, it\u2019s important to understand these five primal myths.<\/p>\n<p>[20] First, there is the naming of a powerful <em>enemy outside<\/em> \u2013 someone who plots outside the community, to attack and destroy the community of true believers.\u00a0 We\u2019ve seen these arguments numerous times in our history \u2013 A recent example being the claims that the Chinese created COVID-19 in a secret lab.\u00a0 During the Cold War, we were to watch out for the Russians or the communists.\u00a0 During the Civil War, if you lived in the South, it was the Northerners.\u00a0 If you lived in North, it was the Southerners.\u00a0 Early in our nation\u2019s history, it was the British and sometimes the French.\u00a0 For people of European descent, it has often been Indigenous tribes.\u00a0 Anyone who can be easily identified as an \u201cOther\u201d and an outsider from somewhere else works for this.<\/p>\n<p>[21] Second, there is the <em>enemy within<\/em>.\u00a0 These are conspiring villainous neighbors who cannot easily be distinguished from friends.\u00a0 There is a significant breakdown of trust in communities that hold onto this primal myth because the enemy could be anyone \u2013 even your next-door neighbor waving every morning while walking the dog.\u00a0 We\u2019ve all heard of the concept of sleeping terrorist cells, hidden double agents, and more.\u00a0 These are the conspiracy theories that name the <em>enemy within<\/em>.\u00a0 \u201cTrust no one\u201d becomes the motto for conspiracies who utilize this primal myth.<\/p>\n<p>[22] Third, there is the <em>enemy above.<\/em>\u00a0 These are the people at the top of the social pyramid or power structure in a society.\u00a0 Those in charge of society are secretly managing the rest of society, plotting to take the things we hold dear away from us!\u00a0 Depending on ideology, <em>the<\/em> <em>enemy <\/em>above might be the Koch brothers or George Soros. The story is the same with conspiracies about them, just the names and organizations they supposedly fund change.\u00a0 The story is always the same though \u2013 someone powerful is attempting destruction of our way of life.<\/p>\n<p>[23] Fourth, there is the enemy below.\u00a0 These are the people who are named as being at the bottom of society who might secretly be turning into an angry mob who threaten to overturn the established order.\u00a0 These are people who the conspiracy group sees as having less value, the ones who are a threat to the established order.\u00a0 Black Lives Matter protesters are often thrown into this category.<\/p>\n<p>[24] Finally, there is the benevolent conspiracy.\u00a0 These are not an enemy, but a secret force working behind the scenes to improve people\u2019s lives and give them information to help them resist the enemy, whoever that enemy is named to be.\u00a0 The benevolent conspiracy is secretly offering special information (gnosis) to the true believers for their benefit.\u00a0 Q from the QAnon conspiracy is a prime example of this.<\/p>\n<p>[25] While each of these primal myths works well on their own, their effectiveness grows exponentially when myths are combined.\u00a0 If people are convinced they cannot trust either their friends inside the community or those outside the community, not the authorities who wield power or those who are oppressed by those authorities, then there is no person left for open and honest dialogue.\u00a0 People are forced to rely only on those who agree with the conspiracy.<\/p>\n<p>[26] While knowing all of this is helpful, the real question is what do we do? \u00a0How do we respond as faithful Christians, to conspiracy theories and modern forms of Gnosticism? \u00a0What is the role of the church in this?\u00a0 This is a real challenge that we face in our congregations.\u00a0 So many people have loved ones and friends, congregants and neighbors, and people who they care about who ascribe to conspiracy theories and the <em>gnosis<\/em> they offer true believers.\u00a0 Avoiding these people, or cutting ties with them is not ideal, and in many cases, something we don\u2019t really want to do.\u00a0 How do we ethically deal with someone caught in a conspiracy theory?\u00a0 How do we stay true to our faith, to Jesus, and the actual truth, and continue to be in relationship with people whose reality is far different than actual reality?<\/p>\n<p>[27] While all of this may feel overwhelming, let me reassure you that there is hope.\u00a0 I think there are a few things that we can and should do.<\/p>\n<p>[28] First, acknowledge that someone you care about is in fact caught up in a conspiracy theory.\u00a0\u00a0 By acknowledging this, you are humanizing the situation.\u00a0 When our focus is solely on what the truth is, we are tempted to dehumanize those that can\u2019t see the truth.\u00a0 When we humanize adherents of conspiracies, what we are doing is saying that it\u2019s not about a person\u2019s intelligence, a personality deficiency, or something else that they lack.\u00a0 It moves from a fight about facts and truth, a fight about abstract ideas, a fight that only has winners and losers, to something more in line with our faith and more Christ-like in nature.<\/p>\n<p>[29] In our Lutheran tradition, we often begin worship with confession and forgiveness.\u00a0 In our confession, we acknowledge that we are captive to sin and cannot free ourselves.\u00a0 Why would we think conspiracy theories are any different?\u00a0 There are holes in people\u2019s lives \u2013 places in their lives where they feel lost and out of control.\u00a0 Conspiracies fill the void, make the person feel special, give them a community of other true believers, and form an identity.\u00a0 Conspiracies offer people good things \u2013 but twist them in ways that become harmful.\u00a0 Isn\u2019t that what sin is?<\/p>\n<p>[30] It helps us to remember that we are also caught by things too, held in bondage by them.\u00a0 And we can\u2019t free ourselves.\u00a0 This allows us to start with grace and mercy with those caught in bondage to conspiracy theories.<\/p>\n<p>[31] The point isn\u2019t to debate the truthfulness of the conspiracy and prove it wrong, which someone who believes in the conspiracy may see as an attack on their very identity.\u00a0 Instead, it is to reach and reconnect with a person with care at a human level.\u00a0 To remind them of their humanity, to see the image of God in them, and to bring the Gospel to them so they can be freed. \u00a0The Gospel doesn\u2019t hide in secret knowledge.\u00a0 Jesus doesn\u2019t set facts free.\u00a0 He sets people free.\u00a0 The Gospel frees us from things that bind us.\u00a0 We are called to be Christ to others.\u00a0 His truth is more than just what is right intellectually, but rather, also that we are to be in relationship with one another.\u00a0 Because our relationships with others are reflections of our relationship with God.<\/p>\n<p>[32] Second, when in a conversation with someone bound by a conspiracy, it is helpful to move the conversation away from the claims of the conspiracy.\u00a0 It\u2019s not about avoiding the conspiracy, its recognizing that as long as the conversation is about the conspiracy, the conspiracy will be in control of the conversation and determine what is talked about.\u00a0 And you\u2019ll lose every time because you are a non-believer and do not have the gnosis of the truth of the conspiracy.\u00a0 Conspiracies rely on special knowledge and special access to the truth that requires true believers to have unquestioned loyalty.\u00a0 There is no wiggle room.\u00a0 There is no room for debate.\u00a0 There is no examination of the facts.\u00a0 You are either a believer or non-believer.<\/p>\n<p>[33] Get to the core of why your loved one is attached to the conspiracy.\u00a0 Does it offer concrete answers, a sense of identity, something else?\u00a0 Once you understand what the person benefits from, you can talk about those things outside of the conspiracy.\u00a0 Stories are helpful.\u00a0 Stories often have emotional pull.\u00a0 Emotional responses have a way of interrupting debates about abstract ideas that conspiracies rely on.\u00a0 Stories that involve memories and experiences with the person are most effective.\u00a0 Don\u2019t debate ideas with the person because ideas can be defended and used in attacks.\u00a0 Ideas can create an us and them.\u00a0 Instead, relationships are rarely based on anything concrete \u2013 they are subjective.\u00a0 They express care and concern for someone beyond what the person believes.\u00a0 The focus of Jesus\u2019 parable and the stories about him and his encounters are often really about relationships with God, with others, and with the community.<\/p>\n<p>[34] Third, persistence is important.\u00a0 This is not a one-time conversation.\u00a0 We are investing in a relationship after all.\u00a0 Don\u2019t try to do too much in any one conversation. \u00a0Just enough to draw the person back to the valued relationship so they know that they know you are a person who they can trust, even if you aren\u2019t a true believer.\u00a0 The goal is to build trust.\u00a0 With trust they will know that they can go to you when they have doubts and questions and you won\u2019t jump on them, shame them, or convert them \u2013 all things that the conspiracy does to anyone who raises questions and doubts.<\/p>\n<p>[35] Conspiracies operate on a deep level of trust with the true believers.\u00a0 Remember that conspiracies are filling essential voids in their followers \u2013 voids that often touch on their very identity.\u00a0 Followers have trust in their conspiracies, not because they are always true, but because they provide followers with identity and community.\u00a0 This is why true believers can look past obvious and provable falsehoods.\u00a0 The trust they have in the conspiracy over-compensates for any deficiencies. After all, there are, in their view, enemies trying to create and construct counter evidence to trick them.\u00a0 \u00a0Thus, the goal is to build trust with people so they can start to see that the conspiracies aren\u2019t as trustworthy as they seem.<\/p>\n<p>[36] Fourth, reach into the resources of faith.\u00a0 Like the Gospel, faith doesn\u2019t hide in secret, but rather lives openly.\u00a0 Spend time in prayer, although this might mean changing how you pray.\u00a0 Don\u2019t only pray that God will change someone caught in a conspiracy and instead pray that God will change you to be exactly what the other person needs in the moment.\u00a0 This is not easy.\u00a0 So often we get caught up in wanting to be right and share the truth with people as if that will change them.\u00a0 In a weird kind of way, the truth is secondary to the relationship and the sense of trust.\u00a0 We must literally be changed, or transformed, to use a theological concept, in order to reach someone.\u00a0 We must die to self \u2013 the desire to be right and believe that simply being right will convince anyone of anything.\u00a0 St. Francis of Assisi prayed, \u201cLord, make me an channel of your peace.\u201d\u00a0 This shifts our focus from convincing to listening, from truth to trust, from ego driven to Christlikeness.<\/p>\n<p>[37] Read Scripture.\u00a0 We can learn from Scripture. The bible is full of stories about conspiracies.\u00a0 The Apostles dealt with conspiracies.\u00a0 Paul writes letters to his churches dealing with conspiracies.\u00a0 In Romans 16:17-19, Paul addresses this directly with the church in Rome: \u201cI urge you, brothers and sisters,\u00a0to keep an eye on those who cause dissensions and offences, in opposition to the teaching that you have learned; avoid them.\u00a0For such people do not serve our Lord Christ, but their own appetites,\u00a0and by smooth talk and flattery they deceive the hearts of the simple-minded.\u00a0For while your obedience is known to all, so that I rejoice over you, I want you to be wise in what is good, and guileless in what is evil.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[38] Likewise, the pastoral letters of 1 &amp; 2 Timothy and Titus address false teachings, false teachers, and problems they create.\u00a0 A sampling of passages include, 1 Timothy 1:3-7, 19-20, 3:9, 4:1-2, 15-16, 6:3-5, 10, 2 Timothy 1:13-14, 2:16-18, 23-26, 3:1-8, 12-14, 4:2-5, and Titus 1:11, 13-14, and 2:1.<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[39]\u00a0 Part of the life of faith includes self-examination.\u00a0 Consider what conspiracies you have bought into?\u00a0 Take time to examine your beliefs.\u00a0 What do these beliefs offer you?\u00a0 It will help you to better understand someone who is caught in a conspiracy.\u00a0 What are the things that you are caught in bondage to and need to be released from?\u00a0 How do you feel about what these things offer you?\u00a0 Can you relate to the person who is caught in bondage to a conspiracy?<\/p>\n<p>[40]\u00a0 Tap into your community of faith and beyond that community. \u00a0Conspiracies thrive on getting people separated from other parts of their life and the people that care about them and who they identify with.\u00a0 There are too many stories readily available about parents, children, church members, co-workers, and more that people have lost relationship with because their loved one became caught in a conspiracy.\u00a0 These are extremely heartbreaking stories.\u00a0 Conspiracies do not just impact the people caught in them.\u00a0 They impact all people who care about the people caught in a conspiracy too.\u00a0 In many ways, these people are left wondering what happened, feeling helpless, and unsure if they can ever trust their loved one again.<\/p>\n<p>[41] In every story that Jesus provides healing to someone or casts out a demon, it\u2019s not just the person who is healed or set free.\u00a0 Faith isn\u2019t just an individual adventure.\u00a0 It is communal as well.\u00a0 Jesus doesn\u2019t just fix a physical or mental state of an individual.\u00a0 Jesus is also healing the broken relationships that resulted a person\u2019s impairment.\u00a0 When the woman who was suffering from hemorrhages for 12 years (Luke 8:43-48) and Jesus healed her, it wasn\u2019t just a physical healing.\u00a0 Because of her condition, she would have been an outcast in her community \u2013 ritually unclean, unable to participate in the life of the community, cut off from everyone.\u00a0 When Jesus heals her, he is not just restoring her physically, but is also restoring relationships that had been broken, restoring a community that had suffered from this woman being ostracized, restoring her identity in the community and making the community whole again.\u00a0 This is true of every healing miracle that Jesus performs.\u00a0 The individuals who are healed aren\u2019t the only beneficiaries of the healing, but also the families, friends, loved ones, and the community that the person had been a part of.\u00a0 Jesus is in the business of restoration of relationships.\u00a0 Conspiracy theorists are no different.<\/p>\n<p>[42] Remember you are not the savior.\u00a0 This is an important reminder because none of us can save someone else \u2013 that job is already taken by Jesus.\u00a0 All we can do is what any of us are called to \u2013 to proclaim a Gospel that sets all of us free and to invite people into a new way of living and being.\u00a0 \u00a0And like all things Gospel, this is freeing for us.\u00a0 We are called to love.\u00a0 We are called to care. We are called to extend grace and mercy.\u00a0 Those are things we can do because Jesus has done them to and for us first.<\/p>\n<p>[43] I wish dealing with conspiracies was just a simple matter of offering the best arguments, showing true and accurate information and data, and convincing people to change their mind.\u00a0 But conspiracy theories are much more complicated than these things.\u00a0 Truth is essential.\u00a0 But truth is more than just correct information or special knowledge.\u00a0 Truth is about relationship and love.\u00a0 Truth is about community and identity.\u00a0 Truth is how we live out our call to proclaim the Gospel and invite people into its freeing nature.\u00a0 Truth is what we are called to. \u00a0It is what discipleship is about. \u00a0And it guides how we act.\u00a0 It certainly guides our dealings with people caught in conspiracies and Gnosticism.\u00a0 Let us live by truth \u2013 by Jesus who is the truth.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.christianity.com\/wiki\/christian-life\/how-should-christians-respond-to-conspiracy-theories.html\">https:\/\/www.christianity.com\/wiki\/christian-life\/how-should-christians-respond-to-conspiracy-theories.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.christianity.com\/wiki\/christian-life\/how-should-christians-respond-to-conspiracy-theories.html\">https:\/\/www.christianity.com\/wiki\/christian-life\/how-should-christians-respond-to-conspiracy-theories.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/goodfaithmedia.org\/how-do-we-counter-conspiracy-theories\/\">https:\/\/goodfaithmedia.org\/how-do-we-counter-conspiracy-theories\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Walker, Jesse, <em>The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory<\/em>. HarperCollins, 2013. Pg. 8<strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Walker, 8-9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Walker, 15.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Montell, Amanda, <em>Cultish: The Language of Fanaticism<\/em>. HarperCollins, 2021. Pg. 78<strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Montell, 215-6.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Gnosticism\/\">https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Gnosticism\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/baseball-confirms-the-faber-college-motto-knowledge-is-good\/\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/baseball-confirms-the-faber-college-motto-knowledge-is-good\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> Thanks to Thabiti Anyabwile, pastor of Anacostia River Church and author of several books, for compiling these citations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegospelcoalition.org\/blogs\/thabiti-anyabwile\/a-sampling-of-pauls-instruction-re-false-teachers-and-sound-doctrine\/\">https:\/\/www.thegospelcoalition.org\/blogs\/thabiti-anyabwile\/a-sampling-of-pauls-instruction-re-false-teachers-and-sound-doctrine\/<\/a>.\u00a0 <strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[1] Over 20 years ago I worked on Capitol Hill for a Member of Congress.\u00a0 We would receive letters, phone calls, and emails about an assortment of issues.\u00a0 And we were required to send a response to every correspondence we received.\u00a0 Most of the time, those responses contained information or a constituent\u2019s opinions about up-coming [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Church\u2019s Faithful Responses to Conspiracy Theories - The Modern Gnosticism - Journal of Lutheran Ethics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/the-churchs-faithful-responses-to-conspiracy-theories-the-modern-gnosticism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Church\u2019s Faithful Responses to Conspiracy Theories - The Modern Gnosticism - Journal of Lutheran Ethics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[1] Over 20 years ago I worked on Capitol Hill for a Member of Congress.\u00a0 We would receive letters, phone calls, and emails about an assortment of issues.\u00a0 And we were required to send a response to every correspondence we received.\u00a0 Most of the time, those responses contained information or a constituent\u2019s opinions about up-coming [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/the-churchs-faithful-responses-to-conspiracy-theories-the-modern-gnosticism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Journal of Lutheran Ethics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-09-26T21:14:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-09-30T18:31:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"heatherdean\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"heatherdean\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"19 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/the-churchs-faithful-responses-to-conspiracy-theories-the-modern-gnosticism\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/the-churchs-faithful-responses-to-conspiracy-theories-the-modern-gnosticism\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"heatherdean\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/person\/4493166c38ac3d4ed054c77e294df9fe\"},\"headline\":\"The Church\u2019s Faithful Responses to Conspiracy Theories &#8211; 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