{"id":4590,"date":"2001-10-18T14:43:58","date_gmt":"2001-10-18T14:43:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/?p=4590"},"modified":"2020-10-28T20:02:38","modified_gmt":"2020-10-28T20:02:38","slug":"lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Books<\/p>\n<p>Adams, George C. A Christian Lawyer: a sketch of the life and work of Hon. Warren Currier. St. Louis: Commercial Print Company, 1893.<\/p>\n<p>Adams, George C. The Christian Lawyer: being a portraiture of the life and character of William George Baker. New York: Carlton &amp; Porter, 1858.<\/p>\n<p>Allegretti, Joseph G. The Lawyer&#8217;s Calling: Christian faith and legal practice. New York: Paulist Press, 1996.<\/p>\n<p>Baker, Thomas E. and Timothy W. Floyd, eds. Can a Good Christian Be a Good Lawyer?: homilies, witness, and reflections. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998.<\/p>\n<p>Ball, Milner S. Called by Stories: Biblical sagas and their challenge for law. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n<p>Ball, Milner S. Lying Down Together: law, metaphor, and theology. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.<\/p>\n<p>Ball, Milner S. The Promise of American Law: a theological, humanistic view of the legal process. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981.<\/p>\n<p>Ball, Milner S. The Word and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>Berman, Harold J. Faith and Order: the reconciliation of law and religion. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>Boardman, Henry A. The Importance of Religion to the Legal Profession with Some Remarks on the Character of Charles Chauncey Esq. Philadelphia: Wm. S. Martien, 1849.<\/p>\n<p>Bockle, Franz. Law and Conscience. Trans. M. James Donnely. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1966.<\/p>\n<p>Buehner, Andrew J., ed. Law and theology: addresses at the dedication of Wesemann Hall, Valparaiso University, and essays on &#8220;The professional responsibility of the Christian lawyer&#8221;. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965.<\/p>\n<p>Coquillette, Daniel R. Lawyers and Fundamental Moral Responsibility. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Company, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, E. Clinton. Justice and Christian Ethics. Cambridge [England]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>Harris, Arthur M. Letters to a Young Lawyer. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1926.<\/p>\n<p>Keeva, Steven. Transforming Practices: finding joy and satisfaction on the legal life. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1999.<\/p>\n<p>McThenia, Andrew W., Jr., and William Stringfellow, eds. Radical Christian and Exemplary Lawyer. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>Mooney, Christopher F. Public Virtue: law and the social character of religion. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Moore, T.V. The Christian Lawyer, or, the Claims of Christianity on the Legal Profession: a discourse delivered at the funeral of Richard W. Flourney Esq., In the First Presbyterian Church, Richmond, VA. Dec. 1, 1857. Richmond: McFarlane &amp; Fergusson, 1858.<\/p>\n<p>O&#8217;Brien, Edward. The Lawyer, His Character and Rule of Holy Life: after the manner of George Hebert&#8217;s country parson. London: W. Pickering, 1842.<\/p>\n<p>Perry, Edward Abbott, Sir. The Seven Lamps of Advocacy. New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1968.<\/p>\n<p>Rhodes, Robert E. Law and Liberation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Rhodes, Robert E. Jr. Pilgrim Law. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998.<\/p>\n<p>Sells, Benjamin. The Soul of the Law. Rockport: Element, 1994.<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. and Robert F. Cochran, Jr. Lawyers, Clients and Moral Responsibility. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1994.<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. and Robert S. Redmount. Lawyers, Law Students, and People. Colorado Springs: Shephard&#8217;s, 1977.<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. and Mary M. Shaffer. American Lawyers and their Communities: ethics in the legal profession. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. Faith and the Professions. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University; Albany N.Y.: Distributed by State University of New York Press, 1987.<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. On Being a Christian and a Lawyer: law for the innocent. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1981.<\/p>\n<p>Stringfellow, William. A Keeper of the Word: Selected Writings of William Stringfellow. Bill Wylie Kellermann, ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994.<\/p>\n<p>White, John, Jr. and, Frank S. Alexander, ed. The Weightier Matters of the Law: essays on law and religion a tribute to Harold J. Berman. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.<\/p>\n<p>William J. Kerby Foundation. The Lawyer Looks Beyond the Law: essays in human dignity. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1951.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Symposia<\/p>\n<p>66 Fordham Law Review 1075 (March 1998). The Relevance of Religion to a Lawyer&#8217;s Work: an Interfaith Conference.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Allegretti, Joseph. &#8220;Lawyers, Clients, and Covenant: a Religious Perspective on Legal Practice and Ethics.&#8221; (Responses by Peggy T. Cantwell, Lawrence A. Hoffman, James M. Jenkins, and Frank Pommersheim.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Collett, Teresa Stanton. &#8220;Speak No Evil, Seek No Evil, Do No Evil: Client Selection and Cooperation with Evil.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Floyd, Timothy W. &#8220;The Practice of Law as a Vocation or Calling.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Foley, Edward B. &#8220;Jurisprudence and Theology.&#8221; (Responses by Perry Dane, Kaled Abou El Fadl, John Langan, Sj, and Linda C. Mcclain.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Freedman, Monroe H. &#8220;Religion Is Not Totally Irrelevant to Legal Ethics.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Escalera, Nitza Milagros. &#8220;A Christian Lawyer&#8217;s Mandate to Provide Pro Bono Publico Service.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Giba-matthews, F. &#8220;A Catholic Lawyers and the Church&#8217;s Social Teaching.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Griffin, Leslie. &#8220;The Relevance of Religion to a Lawyer&#8217;s Work: Legal Ethics.&#8221; (Response by Thomas D. Morgan.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Kastleman, Kevin Patrick. &#8220;Selected Bibliography: Religion and Lawyering.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Lee, Randy. &#8220;The Immutability of Faith and the Necessity of Action.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Matthews, Gregory L. &#8220;The Discernent of (The Law Student&#8217;s) Vocation in Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Pearce, Russell G. &#8220;The Religious Lawyering Movement: an Emerging Force in Legal Ethics and Professionalism.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Faith Tends to Subvert Legal Order.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>26 Fordham Urban Law Journal 985 (April 1999). Rediscovering the Role of Religion in the Lives of Lawyers and Those They Represent.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Allegretti, Joseph. &#8220;A Lawyer&#8217;s Miscellany: scriptural resources for Christian lawyers.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Giba-Matthews, F. &#8220;Vocation as Curse.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Porter, Jr., Thomas W. &#8220;The Spirit and the Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Reza, Sadiq. Symposium. &#8220;Religion and the public defender.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>10 Journal of Law and Religion 277 (1993-94) Commentary on the Work of Thomas L. Shaffer<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Ball, Milner S. Out of the West Rides an Unmasked Stranger.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Failinger, Marie A. &#8220;Gentleman as Hero: Atticus Finch and the Lonely Path.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Gaffney, Edward McGlynn, Jr. &#8220;In Praise of a Gentle Soul.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Gerber, Leslie E. &#8220;Can Lawyers Be Saved? The Theological Ethics of Thomas Shaffer.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Hartigan, Emily Fowler. &#8220;The Gentleman Who Was Thursday.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Lesnick, Howard. &#8220;Religious Particularity, Religious Metaphor, and Religious Truth: Listening to Tom Shaffer.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;How I Changed My Mind.&#8221;<br \/>\nYoder, John Howard. &#8220;The Scholarship of Thomas L. Shaffer: A Retrospective and Response.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>81 Marquette Law Review 177 (Winter 1998). Religion and the Judicial Process: Legal, Ethical, and Empirical Dimensions.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Berg, Thomas C. and William G. Ross. &#8220;Some Religiously Devout Justices: Historical Notes and Comments.&#8221; (Responses by J. Gordon Hylton and Christopher F. Wolfe.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Garvey, John H. and Amy V. Coney. &#8220;Catholic Judges in Capital Cases.&#8221; (Responses by Richard B. Saphire, Mark V. Tushnet, and Robert W. Tuttle.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Griffen, Wendell L. &#8220;The Case for Religious Values in Judicial Decision-Making.&#8221; (Responses by Daniel O. Conkle, Joan B. Gottschall, and Scott C. Idleman.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Smith, Steven D. &#8220;Legal Discourse and the De Facto Establishment.&#8221; (Responses by Larry Cata Backer, Mark Modak-Truran, and Ronald F. Thiemann.)<br \/>\n&#8211; Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. &#8220;Judging religion.&#8221; (Responses by Kent Greenawalt, Emily Fowler Hartigan, Rodney K. Smith, and James Boyd White.)<br \/>\n&#8211; White, James Boyd. &#8220;Talking About Religion in the Language of the Law: Impossible but Necessary.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>27 Texas Tech Law Review 1027 (1996). Faith and the Law Symposium.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Ajalat, Charles R. &#8220;Practice, Church, Life, and Society.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Alexander, J. Nickolas. &#8220;Faith and the Law &#8212; A Lifetime of Balancing of Interests.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Allegretti, Joseph G. &#8220;Neither Curse Nor Idol: Towards a Spirituality of Work for Lawyers.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Allen, Douglas R. &#8220;A Spiritual Look at Choosing a Legal Career.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Baker, Thomas E. and Timothy W. Floyd. &#8220;A Symposium Precis&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Ball, William Bentley. &#8220;On Hoping to Be, Being, and Having Been.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Buice, B. Carl.. &#8220;Practicing Law to the Glory of God.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Chopko, Mark E. &#8220;Public Lives and Private Virtue.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Chrisman, Perry O. &#8220;Confessions of a Baptist Lawyer.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Collett, Teresa Stanton. &#8220;To Be a Professing Woman.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Cromartie, John L. &#8220;Reflections on Vocation, Calling, Spirituality, and Justice.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; DiSalvo, Charles R. and William L. Droel. &#8220;Reflections on the Contents of the Lawyer&#8217;s Work: Three Models of Spirituality-and Our Struggle with Them.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Dodson, William Carlton. &#8220;Faith Beyond Reasonable Doubt.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Edwards, Dan. &#8220;Reflections on Three Stories: &#8216;Practicing&#8217; Law and Christianity at the Same Time.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Gross, Joanne, OSU. &#8220;The Deliberations of Mortals and the Grace of God.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Hartigan, Emily Fowler. &#8220;Practicing and Professing Spirit in the Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Herron, Roy B. &#8220;Making Laws and Protecting Lives.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Jorgensen, Michael W. &#8220;Whose Ladder Are You Climbing?&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Matheny, Tom H. &#8220;My Faith and My Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Miller-Heron, Nancy. &#8220;On Maintaining Spiritual Sanity in a Secular Vocation.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Nelson, James F. &#8220;The Spiritual Dimension of Justice.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Nixon, Robert W. &#8220;Aunt Nell&#8217;s Disappointment.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Perry, Alan W. &#8220;Javert or Bebb.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Porter, Jr. Thomas . &#8220;Engaging the Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Reavley, Thomas M. &#8220;My Faith and My Work.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Sammons, Jack L. &#8220;On Being a Good Christian and a Good Lawyer: God, Man, Law, Lawyering, Sandy Koufax, Roger Maris, Orel Hershiser, Looking at the Catcher, and Corked Bats in the Kingdom (With a Brief Guest Appearance by Ty Cobb.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Maybe a Lawyer Can be Servant; If Not&#8230;&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Starr, Kenneth W. &#8220;Christian Life in the Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Vaino, Sharon Worthing. &#8220;Serving Through Law: Biblical Counsel, Experience in Practice.&#8221;<br \/>\nWiltshire, Jr., Ashley T. &#8220;Religion and Lifework in the Law.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Wink, Stephen P. &#8220;Something&#8217;s Happening Here.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Wiseman, Jr., Thomas A. &#8220;What Doth the Lord Require of Thee?&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Woodruff, Michael Joseph. &#8220;Lawyers and Sacred Gold.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>10 Vanderbilt Law Review 879 (August 1957). Symposium on Law and Christianity.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Ellis, W.S. &#8220;The Christian Lawyer as Public Servant.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Katz, E.G. &#8220;Law, Christianity and the University.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; MacKinnon, F.B. &#8220;Summary of a Statement of the Effect of Religious Principles on Lawyers&#8217; Ethical Problems.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Stringfellow, W. &#8220;The Christian Lawyer as Churchman.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; Stumpf, S.E. &#8220;Theology and Jurisprudence.&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8211; &#8220;A Bibliography on Christian Faith and the Law.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Articles and Chapters in Books<\/p>\n<p>Alexander, Frank S. &#8220;Beyond Positivism: a theological perspective.&#8221; 20 Ga. Law Review 1089-1135(1986).<\/p>\n<p>Alexander, Frank S. &#8220;Law and morals revisited.&#8221; Values in Teaching and Professional Ethics. Macon, Ga Mercer University Press, 1989 (Religion and the Social Crisis, 4) p. 83-94.<\/p>\n<p>Ball, Milner S. &#8220;Normal religion in America.&#8221; 4 Notre Dame Journal of Law Ethics &#038;Pub. Policy 397-417 (1990).<\/p>\n<p>Baustian, Joan. &#8220;Legal Justice as Ministry: [bibliography].&#8221; Gospel Dimensions of Ministry Chicago: National Assembly of Women Religious, 1973 p. 176-88.<\/p>\n<p>Bayne, D.C. &#8220;Lawyer-moralist looks at the profession.&#8221; 8 St. Louis University Law Journal 215 Winter (1963).<\/p>\n<p>Bearrie, Blake. &#8220;Lawyers, law and sanctity from Papal Avignon.&#8221; Models of Holiness in Medieval Sermons. Louvain-la-Neuve: F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale des Institutes d&#8217;Etudes M\u00e9di\u00e9vales, 1996 (Textes et Etudes du Moyen Age; 5) p. 259-282.<\/p>\n<p>Bleimaier, John Kuhn. &#8220;God, man and the law.&#8221; 39 The Catholic Lawyer 277 Winter (2000).<\/p>\n<p>Bresnahan, J.F. &#8220;Theology and Law: a deeper understanding of vocation.&#8221; 7 Capital University Law Review 25-57 (1977).<\/p>\n<p>Burnette, H.S. &#8220;Lawyer as Christian.&#8221; 31 Tenn. Law Review 397 Summer (1964).<\/p>\n<p>Carter, S.L. &#8220;The Religiously Devout Judge.&#8221; 94 Notre Dame Law Review 932-44 (1989).<\/p>\n<p>Christopher, T.W. &#8220;Law is the way.&#8221; 32 Alabama Law 18 January (1971).<\/p>\n<p>Clark, T.C. &#8220;Justice ye shall pursue.&#8221; 38 Tenn. Law Review 481 Summer (1971).<\/p>\n<p>Cochran, Robert F., Jr. &#8220;Professionalism in the Postmodern Age: its death, attempts at resuscitation, and alternate sources of virtue.&#8221; 14 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy 205 (2000).<\/p>\n<p>Cramton, Roger C. &#8220;Beyond the ordinary religion.&#8221; 37 Journal of Legal Education 509 (1987).<\/p>\n<p>Drinan, Robert F. &#8220;Ethics and the legal profession.&#8221; Values in Teaching and Professional Ethics. Macon, Ga. Mercer University Press, 1989 (Religion and the Social Crisis; 4) p. 73-81.<\/p>\n<p>Floyd, Timothy W. &#8220;Realism, responsibility, and the good lawyer: Niebuhrian perspectives on legal ethics.&#8221; 67 Notre Dame Law Review 587 (Jan. 1992)<\/p>\n<p>Fort, Timothy L. &#8220;The First Man and the Company Man: the common good, transcendence, and mediating institutions.&#8221; 36 American Business Law Journal 391 Spring (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Fort, Timothy L. &#8220;Religious belief, corporate leadership, and business ethics.&#8221; 33 American Business Law Journal 451 Spring (1996).<\/p>\n<p>Funston, C. Eric. &#8220;Ministry of the Legal Profession: a suggested codependency model: a personal reflection&#8221; Journal of Pastoral Care 45 (Summer 1991), p. 181-195.<\/p>\n<p>Glendon, Mary Ann. &#8220;Legal ethics &#8211; worlds in collision.&#8221; First Things no. 41 (March 1994), p. 21-27.<\/p>\n<p>Gray, Gordon L. &#8220;Personal values within our profession.&#8221; 8 Catholic Lawyer 279 (1998).<\/p>\n<p>Griffen, Leslie. &#8220;The lawyer&#8217;s dirty hands.&#8221; 8 Georgetown Journal of Ethics 219 Winter (1995).<\/p>\n<p>Guilfoyle, M.J. &#8220;Religion and morality in law.&#8221; 18 Jurist 253 July (1958).<\/p>\n<p>Harris, J.W. &#8220;Lawyers and Forgiveness: until seventy times seven.&#8221; Modern Churchman ns 28 no. 2 (1986), p. 32-41.<\/p>\n<p>Hartigan, Emily Fowler. &#8220;Advocacy and Innocence: memories of William Stringfellow.&#8221; Radical Christian and Exemplary Lawyer Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1995, p. 122-128.<\/p>\n<p>Hemholz, R.H. &#8220;Ethical standards for advocates and proctors in theory and practice.&#8221; Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Medieval Cannon Law Vatican City; Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1976 (Monuments luris Canineue Series C, Subsuidia; 5), p. 282-99.<\/p>\n<p>Hesburg, T.M. &#8220;Moral basis for personal commitment.&#8221; 44 Notre Dame Law 1082 Centennial (1969).<\/p>\n<p>Hull, Kent. &#8220;Position of radical lawyers in America.&#8221; Christian Century 89 (D 13 1972), p. 1286-71.<\/p>\n<p>Idleman, Scott C. Note. &#8220;The role of religious values in judicial decision making.&#8221; 68 Indiana Law Journal 433 Spring (1993).<\/p>\n<p>Jorstad, Eric E. &#8220;Litigation ethics: a Niebuhrian view of the adversarial legal system.&#8221; 99 Yale Law Journal 1089 (March 1990)<\/p>\n<p>Kammer, Charles L., III. &#8220;Vocation and the professions.&#8221; Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics, The Dallas Texas: Society of Christian Ethics, 1981 (Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics), p. 153-83.<\/p>\n<p>Keegan, J.M. &#8220;The Peacemakers: biblical conflict resolution and reconciliation as model alternative to litigation.&#8221; 1987 Mo. J. Dis. Res. 11-25 (1987).<\/p>\n<p>Kunzi, Stanton G., Major. &#8220;Losing Sight of Christian Values: the evolution and (disturbing) implications of the Christian doctrine.&#8221; 1992-JAN Army Lawyer January 1992 Department of Army Pamphlet 27-50-229.<\/p>\n<p>Lawton, George W. &#8220;Christ and the lawyer.&#8221; Alb. Law Journal 12:II<\/p>\n<p>Lee, Randy. &#8220;Faith through Lawyering: finding and doing what is mine to do.&#8221; 11 Regent University Law Review 71 (1998).<\/p>\n<p>Lee, Randy. &#8220;Catholic Education at the Edge of a New Millennium: do we still have the spirit to send forth saints?&#8221; 31 Gonzaga Law Review 565 (1995).<\/p>\n<p>Lesnick, Howard. Symposium. &#8220;Speaking the truth to powerlessness.&#8221; 52 Vanderbilt Law Review 995 May (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Levine, Samuel J. Symposium on Religiously Affiliated Law Schools. &#8220;Further reflections on the role of religion in lawyering and in life.&#8221; 11 Regent University Law Review 31 (1998-1999).<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Lost Opportunities and Functional Lives: a comment on the potential contributions of religious metaphors to professional identities and social development.&#8221; 27 Duq. Law Review 741-754 Summer (1989).<\/p>\n<p>Lyon, James A. A Lecture on Christianity and the Civil Law. Columbus: &#8220;Mississippi Democrat&#8221; Print, 1859.<\/p>\n<p>Maire, Jonathan Edward. &#8220;The possibility of a Christian jurisprudence.&#8221; 40 American Journal of Jurisprudence 101 (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Martyn, Susan R. &#8220;Tabor Lecture: Are We Moving in the Right Dimension? Sadducees, Two Kingdoms, Lawyers, and the Revised Model Rules of Professional Conduct.&#8221; 34 Valparaiso University Law Review 121 (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Mashburn, Amy R. &#8220;Pragmatism and paradox: Reinhold Niebuhr&#8217;s critical social ethic and the regulation of lawyers.&#8221; 6 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 737 (Spring 1993)<\/p>\n<p>McVinney, R.J. &#8220;Catholic lawyer and the law divine.&#8221; 14 Jurist 111-18 April (1954).<\/p>\n<p>Miller, Jennifer Tetenbaum. Note. &#8220;Free Exercise v. Legal Ethics: can a religious lawyer discriminate in choosing clients?&#8221; 13 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 161 Fall (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Mooney, Christopher F. &#8220;Law: a vocation to justice and love.&#8221; Professions in Ethical Context. Villanova University Press: Villanova , Pa. 1986 (Precedents of the Theology Institute of Villanova University; 18) p. 59-95.<\/p>\n<p>O&#8217;Conkle, Daniel O. &#8220;Professing Professionals: Christian pilots on the river of law.&#8221; 38 The Catholic Lawyer 151 (1998).<\/p>\n<p>O&#8217;Reilly, Mary S. &#8220;Trial Advocacy and Public Office: an American religious woman&#8217;s experience [author&#8217;s experience as an attorney and as a Family Court Master in Texas.].&#8221; Between God and Caesar. Mahwah. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1985. (Woodstock Studies; 8), p. 307-13.<\/p>\n<p>Pearson, John H. Symposium on Ethics. &#8220;Thomas Shaffer: he believes what he teaches and lives what he believes.&#8221; 4 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy 1 (2000).<\/p>\n<p>Powers, F.J. &#8220;Religion and the law.&#8221; 1 Catholic University Law Review 115-21 May (1951).<\/p>\n<p>Rhodes, Robert E., Jr. &#8220;Religion and procedure. [reply, D.R. Lohn, p. 189-92.]&#8221; Journal of Law and Religion 4 no. 1 (1986), p. 179-88.<\/p>\n<p>Robillard, S.J.A. &#8220;Religion, conscience and law.&#8221; 32 N. Ir. Legal Q. 358-72 Winter (1981).<\/p>\n<p>Sammons, Jack L. &#8220;Meaningful Client Participation: an essay toward moral understanding of the practice of law.&#8221; Journal of Law and Religion 6 no. 1 (1988), p. 61-95.<\/p>\n<p>Schiltz, Patrick J. &#8220;On being a happy, healthy, and ethical member of an unhappy, unhealthy, and unethical profession.&#8221; 52 Vanderbilt Law Review 871 (May 1999).<\/p>\n<p>Schutt, Michael P. &#8220;What&#8217;s a nice Christian like you doing in a profession like this?&#8221; 11 Regent University Law Review 137 (1998).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;On religious legal ethics.&#8221; 35 Catholic Lawyer 393 January (1994).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Moral theology and legal ethics.&#8221; 12 Cap. University Law Review 179-93 Winter (1982).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Christian lawyer stories and American legal ethics.&#8221; 33 Mercer Law Review 877. (Spring 1982).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Serving the guilty.&#8221; 26 Loyola Law Review 71-85 Winter (1980).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Should a Christian lawyer serve the guilty?&#8221; 23 Ga. Law Review 932-22 (1989).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. Symposium on Ethics. &#8220;Nuclear weapons, lethal injection, and American Catholics: faith confronting American civil religion.&#8221; 14 Notre Dame Journal of Law Ethics and Public Policy 7 (2000).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;The moral theology of Atticus Finch.&#8221; 42 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 181 (1981).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Should a Christian lawyer sign up for Simon&#8217;s practice of justice?&#8221; 51 Stanford Law Review 903 April (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. Religion and the Law. Review &#8220;Stephen Carter and religion in America. A culture of disbelief: how American law and politics trivialize religious devotion. By Stephen L. Carter.&#8221; 62 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1601 (1994).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;The Christian jurisprudence of Robert E. Rhodes, Jr.&#8221; 73 Notre Dame Law Review 737 March (1998).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;On being a professional elder.&#8221; 62 Notre Dame Law Review 624 (1987).<\/p>\n<p>Shaffer, Thomas L. &#8220;Religion\/Jurisprudence\/Culture: the jurisprudence of John Howard Yoder.&#8221; 22 The Legal Studies Forum 473 (1998).<\/p>\n<p>Smith, Abbe and William Montross. &#8220;The calling of criminal defense.&#8221; 50 Mercer Law Review 443 (1999).<\/p>\n<p>Terres, Joyce. &#8220;County Attorney: work as a religious vocation.&#8221; Faith and Practice 1 (Fall 1995), p. 9-10.<\/p>\n<p>Thomas, S. &#8220;A romance of law and religion. (President&#8217;s address.)&#8221; Iowa S B A 1931:245-57.<\/p>\n<p>Tompkins, H.B. &#8220;Religious Belief Affecting Rules of Evidence.&#8221; So. Law Review 2:251<\/p>\n<p>Wand, J.W.C. &#8220;Law and the gospel&#8221;. L Soc Gaz 56:727 N (1959).<\/p>\n<p>Waddell, Glenn G. and Judith M. Keegan. &#8220;Christian Conciliation: an alternative to &#8216;ordinary&#8217; ADR.&#8221; 29 Cumberland Law Review (1998-1999).<\/p>\n<p>Webster, John Lee. &#8220;Law and the ideal lawyer.&#8221; 3 Neb. L. B. 470 (1925).<\/p>\n<p>White, R.J. &#8220;Law in the image of God.&#8221; 17 Jurist 1 January (1957).<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Authors<\/p>\n<p>Robert W. Tuttle, Ph.D., J.D.<br \/>\nAssociate Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School<\/p>\n<p>Leigh-Frances Prince<br \/>\nJD Candidate, George Washington University Law School<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Books Adams, George C. A Christian Lawyer: a sketch of the life and work of Hon. Warren Currier. St. Louis: Commercial Print Company, 1893. Adams, George C. The Christian Lawyer: being a portraiture of the life and character of William George Baker. New York: Carlton &amp; Porter, 1858. Allegretti, Joseph G. The Lawyer&#8217;s Calling: Christian [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-government-civil"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography - Journal of Lutheran Ethics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography - Journal of Lutheran Ethics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Books Adams, George C. A Christian Lawyer: a sketch of the life and work of Hon. Warren Currier. St. Louis: Commercial Print Company, 1893. Adams, George C. The Christian Lawyer: being a portraiture of the life and character of William George Baker. New York: Carlton &amp; Porter, 1858. Allegretti, Joseph G. The Lawyer&#8217;s Calling: Christian [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Journal of Lutheran Ethics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2001-10-18T14:43:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-28T20:02:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Denise Rector\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Denise Rector\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"15 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Denise Rector\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/person\/1d1a38a7727af6291bbff14ba363351c\"},\"headline\":\"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography\",\"datePublished\":\"2001-10-18T14:43:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-28T20:02:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\"},\"wordCount\":3005,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Government (Civil)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\",\"name\":\"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography - Journal of Lutheran Ethics\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2001-10-18T14:43:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-28T20:02:38+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/\",\"name\":\"Journal of Lutheran Ethics\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization\",\"name\":\"ELCA - Journal of Lutheran Ethics\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg\",\"width\":250,\"height\":250,\"caption\":\"ELCA - Journal of Lutheran Ethics\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/person\/1d1a38a7727af6291bbff14ba363351c\",\"name\":\"Denise Rector\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1cd6b17eb57a1d89f3baef8305d701c7443492f28eb7b50b711980b582f26385?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1cd6b17eb57a1d89f3baef8305d701c7443492f28eb7b50b711980b582f26385?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1cd6b17eb57a1d89f3baef8305d701c7443492f28eb7b50b711980b582f26385?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Denise Rector\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/author\/drector\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography - Journal of Lutheran Ethics","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography - Journal of Lutheran Ethics","og_description":"Books Adams, George C. A Christian Lawyer: a sketch of the life and work of Hon. Warren Currier. St. Louis: Commercial Print Company, 1893. Adams, George C. The Christian Lawyer: being a portraiture of the life and character of William George Baker. New York: Carlton &amp; Porter, 1858. Allegretti, Joseph G. The Lawyer&#8217;s Calling: Christian [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/","og_site_name":"Journal of Lutheran Ethics","article_published_time":"2001-10-18T14:43:58+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-10-28T20:02:38+00:00","og_image":[{"width":250,"height":250,"url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Denise Rector","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Denise Rector","Est. reading time":"15 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/"},"author":{"name":"Denise Rector","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/person\/1d1a38a7727af6291bbff14ba363351c"},"headline":"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography","datePublished":"2001-10-18T14:43:58+00:00","dateModified":"2020-10-28T20:02:38+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/"},"wordCount":3005,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Government (Civil)"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/","url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/","name":"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography - Journal of Lutheran Ethics","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#website"},"datePublished":"2001-10-18T14:43:58+00:00","dateModified":"2020-10-28T20:02:38+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/lawyers-and-christian-ethics-a-bibliography\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Lawyers and Christian Ethics, A Bibliography"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#website","url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/","name":"Journal of Lutheran Ethics","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization","name":"ELCA - Journal of Lutheran Ethics","url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/01\/Journal_of_Lutheran_Ethics_Logo.jpg","width":250,"height":250,"caption":"ELCA - Journal of Lutheran Ethics"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/person\/1d1a38a7727af6291bbff14ba363351c","name":"Denise Rector","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1cd6b17eb57a1d89f3baef8305d701c7443492f28eb7b50b711980b582f26385?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1cd6b17eb57a1d89f3baef8305d701c7443492f28eb7b50b711980b582f26385?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1cd6b17eb57a1d89f3baef8305d701c7443492f28eb7b50b711980b582f26385?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Denise Rector"},"url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/author\/drector\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4590","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4590"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4590\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4601,"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4590\/revisions\/4601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4590"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4590"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4590"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}