{"id":304,"date":"2018-06-08T20:54:31","date_gmt":"2018-06-08T20:54:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/?p=304"},"modified":"2020-10-28T20:02:22","modified_gmt":"2020-10-28T20:02:22","slug":"review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"Review: The End of Ice and The Uninhabitable Earth"},"content":{"rendered":"

[1] How to face up\u2014theologically\u2014to climate change?\u00a0 And in particular, how to interpret the literature which deploys science to predict the Anthropocene future of our species?\u00a0 Two Biblical terms come to mind: \u201cspirit\u201d and \u201capocalyptic.\u201d\u00a0 \u00a0\u201cSpirit\u201d is that aspect of our whole selves which, in Reinhold Niebuhr\u2019s concise formula, has the capacity of indefinite transcendence (The Nature and Destiny of Man<\/em>, I:13).\u00a0 It is our capacity to reach for, and understand, the whole by which we are enlivened\u2014or crushed.\u00a0 While our bodies will be overheated by rising temperatures, battered by storms, drowned by floods, and scorched by wildfires, it is our spirits which yearn to grasp the totality of what climate change means for us.<\/p>\n

[2] Then our spiritual selves likely will turn to \u201capocalyptic\u201d, that genre of literature which grasps a future of travail leading right up to the approaching end of history.\u00a0 Christians recurrently invoke apocalyptic accounts of global trends in order to understand hazards they face and to find comfort.\u00a0 By now the apocalyptic imagination is so deeply embedded in Western culture that it needs no specifically religious warrant.\u00a0 Indeed, climate change offers the first apocalyptic scenario with unimpeachable scientific standing.\u00a0 So it seems particularly suited to explaining the work of journalists who use science to help us imagine the unrecognizably degraded world we are creating.\u00a0 Bill McKibben\u2019s\u00a0Eaarth<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Times Books, 2010) perhaps inaugurated the apocalyptic trend in journalism, and the literature is growing.<\/p>\n

[3] In effect, such journalists are following a path first beaten two thousand years ago.\u00a0 They invoke feedback loops and the other conceptual apparatus of intersectional scientific thinking to project where we are headed as a species.\u00a0 In so doing, they go beyond the inductive logic of the scientific method, and here is where spirit is involved.\u00a0 Exacting measurements, whether in parts per million or increments of degrees Centigrade, inspire dire portents of the End–now predicted for the year 2100 or earlier.\u00a0 And so journalists cannot and do not suppress their own imaginings of the End, for they are as much engulfed in the grim flux of climate change as anyone else.\u00a0 Spirit absorbs the accumulation of scientific facts and trends, and infers that nature has been provoked into cascading responses which threaten the survival of human civilization.\u00a0 And so the apocalyptic genre is revived again in the crisis-driven history of Western civilization.\u00a0 Only now it is truly global in scope, and all but inevitable.<\/p>\n

[4] What can our spirits do with scientifically validated imaginings of our End?\u00a0\u00a0One Biblically validated pathway of response lies inlament<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0Dahr\u00a0Jamail, an independent journalist who has faithfully tracked the\u00a0outworkings\u00a0of climate change for years, devotes\u00a0The End of Ice<\/em>\u00a0(New York: New Press, 2019) to reporting and mourning the melting of the cryosphere\u2014the world of glaciers and icy mountains\u2014and other signature environments.\u00a0\u00a0His view is geocentric rather than anthropocentric, although he acknowledges that \u201c\u2026we are setting ourselves up for what I believe will ultimately be our own extinction.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0He responds by grieving.\u00a0\u00a0Indeed, his grief cannot be assuaged by hope, for hope has become impossible.\u00a0\u00a0The signs of impending collapse are too dire.\u00a0\u00a0Rather, \u201cmy acceptance of our probable decline opens into a more intimate and heartfelt union with life itself\u2026 \u201c, which spurs him to make amends with the earth by continuing his reportage \u201cwholeheartedly, knowing that it is unlikely to turn anything around\u201d (219-220).\u00a0He quotes Vaclav Havel approvingly: \u201cHope is not the conviction that something will turn out well, but the certainty that something is worth doing no matter how it turns out.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0If you want the latest reportage from the frontlines of climate change\u2014and particularly, if you are an armchair mountaineer as I am–I commend Jamail\u2019s book for an attractively readable account\u2014certainly suitable for undergraduates and adult forums.\u00a0\u00a0He invites us to grieve in a most heartfelt way.<\/p>\n

[5] Other journalists pursue a tangent suitable for spirits more susceptible to guilt than to grief\u2014those of us who need a prophet banging on our braincases.\u00a0 David Wallace-Wells in\u00a0The Uninhabitable Earth<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2019 resembles ancient prophets in demanding metanoia\u2014a thoroughgoing reform of our perception, understanding and expectations.\u00a0 His first words are: \u201cIt is worse, much worse, than you think.\u00a0 The slowness of climate change is a fairy tale\u201d(3).\u00a0 His indictment of our blindness is unrelenting, and his language sears in a most economically expressive way.\u00a0 This is a book to be absorbed in small bursts, for the argument wanders quickly and unpredictably along its polemical path.\u00a0 His argument is more complex than that of\u00a0Jamail, and\u00a0will occupy the rest of this review.<\/p>\n

[6] For Wallace-Wells, we humans refuse to consider the consequences of a world which warms past 2 degrees Centigrade, even though scientific indicators suggest that we easily will shoot far beyond, to 5 or even 8 degrees.\u00a0 We are hooked on continuity, but whatever we postulate as the \u201cnew normal\u201d is a figment of our denial-oriented mentalities, for there will never be a \u201cnormal\u201d.\u00a0 The effects of climate change will \u201ccascade\u201d (his term for feedback loops and other intersecting factors), perpetually upsetting any new equilibrium.\u00a0 \u201cIn fact, we are only just entering our brave new world, one that collapses as soon as we set foot on it.\u201d(19)\u00a0 He follows this prophetic declaration with twelve chapters reporting the science of twelve particular horrors (\u201cHeat Death\u201d, \u201cHunger\u201d, \u201cDrowning\u201d, etc.) to instantiate his vision of cascading destructions.\u00a0\u00a0 Not all are launched by climate change, to be sure, but the convergent totality of their compounding effects all but suffocates a spirit grasping for hope.\u00a0 Each alone presents an all but insurmountable challenge to civilization; taken together, they seem to portend inescapable doom after 2050, if not before.<\/p>\n

[7] So, then, are we back to\u00a0Dahr\u00a0Jamail\u2019s grieving as the only appropriate response?\u00a0 How indeed does spirit cope with scientifically validated hopelessness?\u00a0 Here I find his answer puzzling from within my religious frame.\u00a0 The Biblical (and Lutheran!) answer is paradox.\u00a0 Traditional prophetic discourse crushes the reader in a dialectic of guilt-ridden despair only to relieve that despair with a promise of undeserved grace granted by God.\u00a0 Wallace-Wells pursues this dialectic, but in unsatisfying and even defective way.\u00a0 While\u00a0Dahr\u00a0Jamail has renounced hope, Wallace-Wells proclaims himself an \u201coptimist\u201d (31-34).\u00a0\u00a0 He claims that since we created climate change mainly in the past thirty years\u2014as measured by the quantity of anthropogenic carbon released into the atmosphere–we therefore have the capacity to stall its destructive momentum in roughly the same timeframe.\u00a0 His claim rests not upon science but upon an unexamined logical equivalence: since we created the problem, we must have the power to resolve it.\u00a0 \u201cIf humans are responsible for the problem, they must be capable of undoing it\u201d(220).\u00a0\u00a0 To this end, we as a species need to claim our potency.\u00a0 In his concluding chapter, Wallace-Wells invokes the (long-discredited) Anthropic Principle of human grandiosity in the cosmos as a means of bracing ourselves for the prodigious work of reversing climate change.<\/p>\n

[8] I find his optimism unpersuasive, even though I am unreservedly sympathetic with his effort to bolster our change-battered psyches.\u00a0\u00a0 His turn to human potency and potentiality is understandable, since no outside grace is available in his cosmos without a god.\u00a0 But his optimism seems at odds with the first half of the prophetic dialectic.\u00a0 If climate change is proceeding through a terrifying series of feedback loops and intersecting \u2018force multipliers\u2019, how much can be accomplished simply by zeroing out the initiating problem\u2014the leakage of carbon into the atmosphere?\u00a0\u00a0 At the very least a supporting scientific argument is needed.\u00a0 His Promethean optimism seems less appropriate than, say, the rueful realism of\u00a0The Sorcerer\u2019s Apprentice<\/em>, where a bumptious and ignorant Mickey Mouse accidentally multiplies mops and buckets beyond counting, being unable to turn off the magic.\u00a0 What sorcerer can we long for, to snap his fingers and reverse the \u201ccascade\u201d of climate disasters?\u00a0 In the absence of a God willing to come to our rescue, there is none.\u00a0\u00a0 Wallace-Wells turns to technology as savior, but he offers a thin prescription for bringing down carbon levels: carbon capture and nuclear power, with just a nod to renewables (170, 181).\u00a0\u00a0 What Wallace-Wells offers, in sum, is a magnificent prophetic polemic, but a poor functional substitute for grace.<\/p>\n

[9] His argument would be far more robust if he first projected out the perverse synergies of the twelve tangents of disaster in all their interactive complexity, and only then proposed ways for humanity to address them.\u00a0 That task admittedly may be beyond the brain of a supercomputer, and so unfair to ask.\u00a0 Fortunately there is more to his book than sketchy optimism.\u00a0 In the final two sections he offers some creative forward thinking for spirits anxious to grasp what the future portends, and this is where I find his book most original and helpful.\u00a0 He asks what future there is for \u201cstorytelling\u201d and finds that climate change effectively destroys the basic elements of story-telling genres: individual agency, responsibility, complicity, villainy, and the other juicy aspects of fiction.\u00a0 Next he asks what future there is for capitalism, and finds that it is likely to be subverted as climate change trashes the cognitive biases that have supported a sense of its inevitable growth and power.\u00a0 He asks what future there is for technology as savior, concluding that it will seduce us into seeking escape through virtual reality.\u00a0 He asks what future there is for the neoliberal promise of growth and happy consumption and finds the neoliberal global order is likely to collapse.\u00a0 He asks what future there is for a progressive view of history, and argues that not even a cyclical view of history will survive coming political convulsions.\u00a0\u00a0 All theseprobings\u00a0merit further exploration.\u00a0 Finally, Wallace-Wells asks what future there is for ethics, and here he falters.\u00a0 He focuses on culturally marginal figures who propose nothing better than withdrawing, wallowing in despair, or acclimating ourselves to the suffering that will occur by shrinking our circles of empathy.<\/p>\n

[10] Ouch.\u00a0\u00a0 Is that all we can hope for?\u00a0\u00a0 Here we need to let our spirits hear the main message of apocalyptic.\u00a0 At first blush, the apocalyptic genre seems not to be of help, for from its origin in intertestamental times it is explicitly devoid of hope in human initiative; rescue must come from outside.\u00a0 But precisely that is the weird genius of apocalyptic.\u00a0 By cutting us loose from optimism and other human constructions, it frees our spirits to imagine the impossible\u2014deliverance.\u00a0 And that can liberate remarkable energies.\u00a0 Perhaps only when we know (not just think) that all is lost that we run the hardest.\u00a0 Human societies have survived all previously predicted \u201cEnds\u201d\u2014not only survived, but undergone transformations unimaginable from within any given apocalyptic frame.\u00a0 To put the matter in a nutshell: I have no idea where in hell our civilization will end up in response to climate change.\u00a0 The current revival of apocalyptic gives us clues.\u00a0 Lament is certainly appropriate (thank you,\u00a0Dahr\u00a0Jamail), as is prophetic unveiling of our perverse and dysfunctional ignorance (thank you, David Wallace-Wells).\u00a0 But what we need is hope, rather than optimism.\u00a0 When we know all is lost, we are freed to go far beyond what we thought we can do, even when we have no clue how it will end.\u00a0 Running like hell towards that unknowable future, I someday hope my spirit will be able to recognize the future that is coming at me\u2014and God\u2019s hand in it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“How to face up\u2014theologically\u2014to climate change? And in particular, how to interpret the literature which deploys science to predict the Anthropocene future of our species? Two Biblical terms come to mind: \u201cspirit\u201d and \u201capocalyptic\u201d. \u201cSpirit\u201d is that aspect of our whole selves which, in Reinhold Niebuhr\u2019s concise formula, has the capacity of indefinite transcendence (The Nature and Destiny of Man, I:13). It is our capacity to reach for, and understand, the whole by which we are enlivened\u2014or crushed. While our bodies will be overheated by rising temperatures, battered by storms, drowned by floods, and scorched by wildfires, it is our spirits which yearn to grasp the totality of what climate change means for us.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":287,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-304","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-book-review","category-climate-change"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nReview: The End of Ice and The Uninhabitable Earth - Journal of Lutheran Ethics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Review: The End of Ice and The Uninhabitable Earth - Journal of Lutheran Ethics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\""How to face up\u2014theologically\u2014to climate change? And in particular, how to interpret the literature which deploys science to predict the Anthropocene future of our species? Two Biblical terms come to mind: \u201cspirit\u201d and \u201capocalyptic\u201d. \u201cSpirit\u201d is that aspect of our whole selves which, in Reinhold Niebuhr\u2019s concise formula, has the capacity of indefinite transcendence (The Nature and Destiny of Man, I:13). It is our capacity to reach for, and understand, the whole by which we are enlivened\u2014or crushed. 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And in particular, how to interpret the literature which deploys science to predict the Anthropocene future of our species? Two Biblical terms come to mind: \u201cspirit\u201d and \u201capocalyptic\u201d. \u201cSpirit\u201d is that aspect of our whole selves which, in Reinhold Niebuhr\u2019s concise formula, has the capacity of indefinite transcendence (The Nature and Destiny of Man, I:13). It is our capacity to reach for, and understand, the whole by which we are enlivened\u2014or crushed. While our bodies will be overheated by rising temperatures, battered by storms, drowned by floods, and scorched by wildfires, it is our spirits which yearn to grasp the totality of what climate change means for us.\"","og_url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/","og_site_name":"Journal of Lutheran Ethics","article_published_time":"2018-06-08T20:54:31+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-10-28T20:02:22+00:00","og_image":[{"width":100,"height":80,"url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/07\/Uninhabitable-Earthx100.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Denise Rector","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Denise Rector","Est. reading time":"10 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/"},"author":{"name":"Denise Rector","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#\/schema\/person\/1d1a38a7727af6291bbff14ba363351c"},"headline":"Review: The End of Ice and The Uninhabitable Earth","datePublished":"2018-06-08T20:54:31+00:00","dateModified":"2020-10-28T20:02:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/"},"wordCount":1914,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/07\/Uninhabitable-Earthx100.jpg","articleSection":["Book Reviews","Climate Change, Ecology, Environment"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/","url":"https:\/\/learn.elca.org\/jle\/review-the-end-of-ice-and-the-uninhabitable-earth\/","name":"Review: The End of Ice and The Uninhabitable Earth - 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